[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"post-6964062588361507328":3,"cmt-6964062588361507328":49,"cfg-detail":91},{"code":4,"message":5,"data":6},200,"success",{"post":7,"image_urls":22,"original_image_urls":24,"image_ids":26,"inline_images":28,"user":44,"best_comments":48,"is_author":47},{"id":8,"user_id":9,"post_type":10,"parent_id":11,"root_id":8,"content":12,"image_count":13,"reward_points":10,"category_id":13,"status":10,"visibility":14,"is_top":10,"is_hot":10,"created_at":15,"updated_at":16,"comment_count":17,"like_count":18,"collect_count":10,"view_count":19,"best_comment_1_id":20,"best_comment_2_id":11,"best_comment_3_id":11,"best_comment_updated_at":21,"end_time":11,"extended_hours":11,"total_points":11,"reward_status":11},"6964062588361507328","2351876944271245824",0,null,"这种颜色，全世界仅有5人见过！\n想象一下，如果有一天，科学家告诉你，你的双眼并不是一扇透明的窗户，不会把外界的真实情况一五一十地映照到你的大脑里。你看到的所有颜色，都是双眼和大脑联手计算后给万事万物贴上的标签。而在你熟知的红橙黄绿青蓝紫之外，甚至还隐藏着一种只凭借肉眼、人类永远都看不见的颜色，你会相信吗？\n\n姹紫嫣红的世界，只是大脑加工之后的结果。图库版权图片，转载使用可能引发版权纠纷\n\n从进化生物学的角度来看，人类的视觉其实是一座戒备森严的“基因监狱”。因为视网膜底层生理结构的硬性限制，我们从出生起，就被迫戴上了一副摘不掉的颜色滤镜。我们自以为看遍了世间的万紫千红，却不知道，这一切不过是经过了我们身体硬件过滤后的结果。\n\n有趣的是，2025年，加州大学伯克利分校的科学家们造出一台名叫“Oz（奥兹）”的神奇设备，在它的帮助下，人类第一次见到了只凭借肉眼根本不可能看见的纯净颜色 “olo”，亲眼见证了颜色外衣背后的真相。而迄今为止，全世界只有5个人，真正看见过这种颜色。\n\n人如何感知颜色？\n\n[img:9269905596304851456]在揭开 “olo” 的神秘面纱之前，我们必须先接受一个有些违背直觉的物理学真相，那就是宇宙中其实根本就不存在颜色这种东西，存在的只有冷冰冰的、不同波长的电磁波。我们眼中五颜六色的世界，其实只是大脑在暗中完成的一场“调色游戏”。\n\n那么大脑具体是怎么做的呢？\n\n在人类的视网膜上有三种不同身份的门卫，它们是分别对红光、绿光和蓝光特别敏感的三种视锥细胞。这三个门卫只会被特定波长的光子唤醒。但实际上它们自己本身都是色盲，只会像一个计步器一样，机械地记录唤醒自己的光子数量到底是多少，而不会在乎每一个光子具体是什么波长。而我们最终感受到的色彩，只是大脑分别收取了这三份打卡数据后，按比例强行脑补出来的一个视觉答案。\n\n红、绿、蓝三种视锥细胞，只会被特定波长的光子唤醒。图源：wikipedia\n\n但有趣的是，在灵长类动物的演化历史上，负责感知红光的红色视锥细胞其实是由原本感知绿光的绿色视锥细胞突变来的。这就造成了这两种同宗同源的感光细胞能够接收的波长高度重叠，最敏感的光波峰值甚至只相差了大约30纳米。\n\n其结果就是，在大自然里，无论一束绿光或者青光多么纯粹，只要它进入了视网膜，就绝对不可能只唤醒绿色门卫而不惊动红色门卫。\n\n也就是说你的大脑其实从来没有接受过一份干干净净的纯绿色信号。你也从来没有见过什么叫做真正的绿色。\n[img:9269905596369338880]\n极客实验级别的“视觉微雕”\n\n面对混杂的信号，我们能不能用极细的激光，像狙击手一样只命中一个绿色视锥细胞，从而获得纯粹的绿色信号呢？\n\n想做到这一点并不容易。眼球内部是一个充满液体的光学迷宫，光线穿过角膜和晶状体时会发生严重的衍射和散射。即便只发射针尖大小的激光，抵达视网膜的时候也会晕染成一大片模糊的光斑。你可以把它想象成我们往茶杯里注水的时候，散开的水柱总会溅湿周边的桌面。所以让一道绿色激光直接射到眼睛里，只能是把红色和绿色的门卫一起砸醒。\n\n物理学的衍射光斑，加上基因里的谱线重叠，构成了人类视觉对纯粹绿色的绝对防御。加州大学伯克利分校的科学家却硬是用十几年时间，策划了一场不可思议的“视网膜微雕手术”，强行撕开了这层防御。\n\n全新颜色olo在色域坐标中所处的位置，已经超出了自然的人类色域。图源：论文，《科学进展》（Science Advances）杂志\n\n为了不让光线散开，他们跨界借用天文学家校正大气湍流的自适应光学技术，抵消了眼球内部的光学畸变，硬是将光束缩小到单个视锥细胞的尺寸。\n\n[img:9269905596474196480]紧接着他们又耗费了海量时间，给5位幸运儿（抽签产生）的眼底绘制了一份极其详尽的细胞级别军事地图，精确标定了每一个绿色和红色视锥细胞的坐标。\n\n有了这张精细地图做保障，那台名叫奥兹的设备，终于可以操纵绿色激光，以每秒 10 万次的超高速度，在受试者的视网膜上极速扫描。每当扫过绿色视锥细胞位置，激光就会瞬间释放光子，而在路过其他颜色的视锥细胞时，激光完全熄灭，保持绝对静默。\n\n就在这台设备启动几秒钟之后，奇迹降临了。受试者的大脑第一次接收到绿色信号满格、红蓝信号都为零的“纯净输入”。\n\n面对这份前所未见的纯净数据，大脑毫不迟疑地呈现出一抹如同青绿色火焰般炽烈、饱和度更是直接拉满的全新颜色——olo。\n\n据这5位仅有的体验者描述，在olo那种极度纯粹的光芒面前，自然界中任何纯净的色彩，甚至最纯的青色激光，都像是褪了色的老照片般无比苍白。\n\n据称这是最接近olo的颜色，只是远不及olo明亮纯净。图源：来自网络\n\n眼见并非为“实”\n\nolo这种颜色的出现，可以说是用一种非常极客风格的方式，拓展了人类的感知边界。但其实，关于颜色感知的有趣故事，在我们的生活中比比皆是。\n\n[img:9269905596576432640]比如，你非常熟悉的品红色（Magenta，或者叫洋红色），在物理世界的光谱上是根本不存在的！在自然光谱中，红光和紫光分别居于可见光范围的远近两端，根本就碰不到一起。但是当一个物体同时反射红光和蓝紫光，却不反射中间的绿光的时候，大脑为了填补这个“光谱上的逻辑空白”，就会按照互补原则凭空“捏造”出品红这种颜色。\n\n鲜艳的品红色，其实是大脑“捏造”出来的。图库版权图片，转载使用可能引发版权纠纷\n\n而在人类的基因彩票里，这种视觉系统的“魔改”还造就了截然不同的生存体验。\n\n有一小部分女性发生了基因突变，拥有了第四种橙色视锥细胞，成为了“四色视觉者”。在她们眼中，能分辨出多达1亿种色彩差异。在我们看来一片纯粹湛蓝的天空，在她们的眼里，很可能是一幅层次分明、色彩斑斓的浓郁油画。\n\n既然有硬件升级，自然也会有“硬件减配”——也就是我们常说的色盲或色弱。很多年来，这都被当成一种视觉缺陷。但如果你从演化生物学的角度来看，这根本就是一项隐藏的“生存外挂”！\n\n色弱或者色盲往往难以辨识测试中的数字\n\n正因为缺乏对特定色彩的敏感度，色弱人群的大脑在处理视觉信息的时候，会自动屏蔽掉繁杂的色彩噪音，将极其宝贵的算力，全部集中在物体的轮廓、纹理、形状以及明暗对比上。这赋予了他们一项极为强悍的特殊能力——“一眼识破伪装”。\n[img:9269905596676571648]\n在残酷的狩猎采集时代，他们往往是部落里最敏锐的猎手和哨兵；而在两次世界大战期间，他们更成为能够轻易看穿敌人迷彩伪装的王牌侦察兵和狙击手观察哨。\n\n颜色到底是什么？\n\n在听了这么多关于颜色的故事之后，我们很有必要回过头来，问自己一个最根本的问题：颜色，到底是什么？\n\n长久以来，我们理所当然地以为，颜色是物体自带的客观属性。但olo那超越极限的纯净，以及品红色的“无中生有”，都在反复提醒我们：你此时此刻看到的每一种颜色，其实并不是世界本来的样子。\n\n颜色，根本不存在于光线本身。它只是你的视网膜和大脑，为了帮你理解这个混沌的世界，而采用的一种描述方式。\n\n作为生物体的重要感知途径之一，无论是对颜色的识别，还是对图像的解读，都只是服务于生存这个大目标的一种手段。很多时候，我们追求的不是全知全能，而是够用就好，不是完美无缺，而是高效节能。\n\n策划制作\n\n作者丨李旭 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